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Convention of Kanagawa
On March 31, 1854, the or was the first treaty between the United States of America, and the Empire of Japan, then under the administration of the Tokugawa Shogunate. Signed under threat of force, it effectively meant the end of Japan’s 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (''sakoku''), by opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American vessels.〔Perry, Matthew Calbraith (1856). (''Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856.'' )〕 It also ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American consul in Japan. The treaty also precipitated the signing of similar treaties establishing diplomatic relations with other western powers.
==The isolation of Japan==
Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Tokugawa shogunate pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki under a strict government monopoly. This policy had two main objectives. One was the fear that trade with western powers and the spread of Christianity would serve as a pretext for the invasion of Japan by imperialist forces, as had been the case with most of the nations of Asia. The second objective was fear that foreign trade and the wealth developed would lead to the rise of a daimyo powerful enough to overthrow the ruling Tokugawa clan.〔W. G. Beasley, ''The Meiji Restoration'', p.74-77〕
By the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, King William II of the Netherlands sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside. In 1846, an official American expedition led by Commodore James Biddle arrived in Japan asking for ports to be opened for trade, but was sent away.〔W. G. Beasley, ''The Meiji Restoration'', p.78〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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